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- ßΓ Peace Efforts
-
-
- [As if to show that refusal to join the League of Nations was
- not to be interpreted as a refusal to espouse peace, the U.S.
- made several overtures toward reducing world tensions, in
- addition to contributing its expertise in the resolutions of the
- various reparations crises and following a liberal international
- credit policy that helped keep the gerry-rigged structure of
- reparations and war debts from falling apart. The foremost
- achievement in which the U.S. took part was the Washington Naval
- Treaty of 1922, by which Britain, the U.S. and Japan,
- respectively, set limits on themselves in the building of
- capital ships (battleships and the like) in the ratio of 5-5-3
- ratio to all types of naval ships was abortive, however.
-
- Undeterred, U.S. Secretary of State Frank Kellogg, through a
- lengthy correspondence with French Foreign Minister Aristide
- Briand, arrived in 1928 at the ultimate peace pact: a
- renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy. More
- than 60 nations eventually signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact. But
- it was so hedged about with reservations and exceptions, and so
- devoid of effective enforcement powers or sanctions, that
- although it could be said to have deterred war for eleven years,
- it hardly deterred aggression at all.]
-
-
- (JULY 30, 1928)
-
- The small, wiry man with the careworn face was happy. He had
- lived down his onetime nickname, "Nervous Nelly." Now the whole
- world knew him as the author of The Multilateral treaty to
- Renounce War as an Instrument of National Policy. He has just
- received, last week, the unanimous promises to sign his treaty
- of the following nations: Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan,
- Italy, Canada, Australia, Poland, New Zealand, India, Rumania,
- South Africa, Czechoslovakia, Irish Free State. Never before had
- so many nations bound themselves with the U.S. to take a
- momentous step.
-
- The direction of the Treaty step is what interests keen-minded
- U.S. citizens. Will it lead Europe away from the League of
- Nations and into a new world harmony? Will it assist Candidate
- Hoover to lead his and Mr. Kellogg's party on to Victory? Why
- are many European statesmen confident that the new Treaty will
- entice the U.S. straight into the fold of the League of Nations?
- Finally, what has one done when one has outlawed war as an
- instrument of national policy?
-
- Objections to certain implications of the Treaty have been
- made by various nations, notably France and Great Britain. The
- objections were finally met by Secretary kellogg with the
- procedure of transmitting along with the treaty text an
- explanation (six times as long as the Treaty) setting forth the
- construction placed upon it by the Government of the U.S. These
- explanations were accepted by other nations in lieu of and as
- equivalent to specific reservations by themselves against the
- Treaty. Thus the Kellogg Explanations are of equal importance
- with the Treaty itself. No nation except disarmed Germany agreed
- to sign until the explanations (i.e. reservations) had been
- made.
-
- Secretary Kellogg explained: "There is nothing in the American
- draft of an anti-war treaty which restrict or impairs in any way
- the right of self-defense. That right is inherent in every
- sovereign State and is implicit in every treaty."
-
- Thus it explicitly appears that the phrase "renouncing war as
- an instrument of national policy" has no reference whatsoever
- to defensive warfare--an important fact, when one recalls that
- whenever two armies fight at least one is on the defensive.
-
- Secretary Kellogg explained: "As I have already pointed out,
- there can be no question as a matter of law that violation of
- a multilateral anti-war treaty through resort to war by one
- party thereto would automatically release the other parties for
- their obligations to the treaty breaking State..."
-
- Thus no provision whatsoever is made in the Treaty for
- enforcing Peace.
-
-
- [Politically the Kellogg Treaty is an undoubted master stroke.
- Its existence will enable Candidate Hoover and other
- campaigning Republicans to point with pride to a resounding
- international achievement:
-
- RENUNCIATION OF WAR
-
- Those three words have been explained until their meaning in
- international law is perilously close to nil, but they are still
- three words, three resounding words. They will be understood by
- many U.S. voters as meaning NO MORE WAR. If they should ever
- come to have that meaning to all the peoples of the World, the
- explanations, reservations and quibbles of statesmen will fall
- away like husks and Frank Billings Kellogg will have triumphed
- indeed.]
-
-